Research tools
We have developed a number of research tools for the benefit of academics and enthusiasts of Islamic, Central Asian, Afghan and Iranian history, as well as the languages of the region and the late antique and medieval world.
Digital Corpus
Invisible East has developed a Digital Corpus that contains searchable data on nearly 1,200 documents and local texts from the wider Islamicate East dating to between the 8th and 13th centuries CE. These include: meta-data in all instances, and in a smaller set, full transcriptions, translations, and commentary. The texts vary in type, including documents (for example sales deeds, marriage contracts, land survey reports, tax receipts, debt acknowledgements, administrative and personal letters), literary and poetic fragments, texts of a historical, religious or legal nature, and other miscellanea. The Digital Corpus is searchable by administrative, military and legal titles, offices and processes; agricultural terms, currencies and denominations; documentation terms; geographic administrative units; markings; measurement units; and religions. All data will be publicly accessible in accordance with ERC requirements.
Striking Gold
The film, Striking Gold: The Discovery of Medieval documents from Afghanistan is about the discovery, safeguarding, deciphering, and analysis of the fascinating Firuzkuh Papers.
Written in Afghanistan's Ghalmin area of Ghur in the 12th-13th century CE, the Firuzkuh Papers reveal rare details of the lives of agriculturalists and other rural communities in the medieval Islamicate world, and how historians can learn of the interactions between local communities and the administration of the vast Ghurid empire that reigned over parts of today's Iran, Afghanistan, and the Indian subcontinent in the 12th-13th century.
With rare footage from the ground collected through interviews with local residents in the Ghalmin area of Afghanistan who found the documents, Striking Gold also tells a story of the extreme challenges of heritage protection and history writing in Afghanistan.
Striking Gold was produced, directed, and edited in 2024 by the Invisible East programme in Oxford. We hope you enjoy the film!
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Rethinking History: Returning to Archives and Documents
Future Philology: Digitisation and Beyond
Online symposium organised by the Invisible East programme, 30 Sept - 1 Oct 2021 At present, philology--the old art of reading slowly and carefully--is reinventing itself to become a discipline equipped with database technology. Scholars are setting up digital corpora of documents and manuscripts of various periods and regions. These digital corpora not only made precious historical sources much more accessible to academia, but also opened up new avenues of research on their content as well as their materiality. The Invisible East Programme at Oxford University is contributing to this field by creating, for the first time, a multilingual digital corpus of documents from the pre-Mongol Islamicate East. This region includes Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, in which documents were written in, inter alia, (Judeo-)Persian, Arabic, Middle Persian, Bactrian, Sogdian, and Khotanese. We are now inviting scholars working on databases of documents from the ancient and medieval world to share their experiences and insights.
Islamicate Manuscripts and Texts (IMaT)
This iteration of the Islamicate Manuscripts and Texts (IMaT) colloquium focussed on literary and documentary letters from the Islamicate world and adjacent areas in space and time, written in various languages including Arabic, New Persian, Middle Persian, and Sogdian. Issues explored included: the relationship between literary and documentary/private letters; the transmission of epistolary formulae and topoi over time, and between political units, languages, and religious communities; the various ways letters can be useful as sources for historians.
Other videos
MOOC: Afghanistan from Buddhism to Islam
In this series of five lectures, speakers will discuss various aspects of the life and culture of Afghanistan between the 8th and 13th century. Lectures: The Buddhas of Bamiyan, with Llewelyn Morgan Rural Life in Medieval Bamiyan, with Arezou Azad Connecting Worlds: The Shansabanis of Afghanistan, with Alka Patel Islamisation, a closer look, with Majid Montazer Mahdi A Day in Late Antique Bactria (In Persian), with Reza Huseini.
Documentary studies in the Islamicate east
Azad, A., and P. Firoozbakhsh. ‘“No One Can Give You Protection” - The Reversal of Protection in a Persian Decree Dated 562/1167’. Annales Islamologiques 54 (2020): 125–38. https://doi.org/10.4000/anisl.7808.
Gignoux, P. ‘Les Documents de Dādēn Dans l’archive de Berkeley/Berlin’. In Commentationes Iranicae: Сборник Статей к 90-Летию Владимира Ароновича Лившица, edited by S. R. Tokhtas’yev and P. B. Lur’ye. Nestor-Istoriya., 2013.
Gignoux, P. Une Archive Post-Sassanide Du Tabaristān (I).” In Objets et Documents Inscrits En Pārsīg. Edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 21. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient, 2012.
Gignoux, Ph. ‘Les Documents Économiques de Xwarēn’. In Trésors d’Orient: Mélanges Offerts à Rika Gyselen, edited by P. Gignoux, Ch. Jullien, and F. Jullien. Peeters, 2009.
Gignoux, Ph. ‘Les «mémoires» Dans l’archive Pehlevie de Berkeley/Berlin’. In A Thousand Judgements: Festschrift for Maria Macuch, edited by A. Hintze, D. Durkin-Meisterernst, and C. Naumann. Harrassowitz Verlag., 2019.
Gignoux, Ph. ‘Une Archive Post-Sassanide Du Tabaristān (II)’. In Documents, Argenterie et Monnaies de Tradition Sassanide, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 22. Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2014.
Gignoux, Ph. ‘Une Archive Post-Sassanide Du Tabaristān (III)’. In Words and Symbols: Sasanian Objects and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 24. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2016.
Gignoux, Ph., and R. Gyselen. ‘La Relation Des Sceaux à Leur Possesseur d’après Les Documents Économiques de La Collection de Berkeley’. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Societas Iranologica Europæa: Held in Ravenna, 6-11 October 2003 - Ancient & Middle Iranien Studies, vol. 1, edited by A. Panaino and A. Piras. Mimesis, 2006.
Gronke, M. Arabische Und Persische Privaturkunden Des 12. Und 13. Jahrhunderts Aus Ardabil (Aserbeidschan). Schwarz, 1982.
Haim, O. ‘Acknowledgement Deeds (Iqrārs) in Early New Persian from the Area of Bamiyan (395-430 AH/1005-1039 CE)’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 29, no. 3 (2019): 415–46.
Haim, O. ‘An Early Judeo-Persian Letter Sent from Ghazna to Bamiyan (Ms. Heb. 4°8333.29)’. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 26 (2012): 103–20.
Haim, O. ‘Legal Documents and Personal Letters in Early Judaeo-Persian and Early New Persian from Islamic Khurasan (5th/11th Cent.)’. Unpublished MA thesis, Hebrew University, 2014.
Haim, O. ‘What Is the “Afghan Geniza”? A Short Guide to the Collection of the Afghan Manuscripts in the National Library of Israel, with the Edition of Two Documents’. Afghanistan 2, no. 1 (2019): 70–90.
Haim, O., M. Shenkar, and Sh. Kurbanov. ‘The Earliest Arabic Documents Written on Paper: Three Letters from Sanjar-Shah (Tajikistan)’. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 43 (2016): 141–89.
Herrmann, G. Persische Urkunden Der Mongolenzeit. Harrassowiz, 2004.
Humayun, Gh. S. ‘Kabin-Nama’. Aryana 256 (1965): 1–13.
Humayun, Gh. S. ‘Takmila Bar Maqala-Yi Kabin-Nama’. Aryana 258 (1965): 215–20.
Huseini, S. R. ‘Acts of Protection Represented in Bactrian Documents’. Annales Islamologiques 54 (2021): 107–24.
Huseini, S. R. ‘The Muqaddam Represented in the Pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur’. Afghanistan 4, no. 2 (2021): 91–113.
Huseini, S. R. ‘Thinking in Arabic, Writing in Sogdian: Arabic-Sogdian Diplomatic Relations in the Early Eighth Century’. In From Samarqand to Toledo - Greek, Sogdian and Arabic Documents and Manuscripts from the Islamicate World and Beyond, edited by A. Kaplony and M. Malczycki. Islamic History and Civilization 201. Brill, 2022.
Khan, G. Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan. Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions, 2007.
Khan, G. Arabic Legal and Administrative Documents in the Cambridge Genizah Collections. Cambridge University Geniza Series 10. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Khwaja Muhammad, and N. Saqee. Barghā-ī Az Yak Faṣl Ya Asnād-i Tārīkhī-Yi Ghur. Intisharat-i Sa’id, 2009.
Kohzad, A. A. ‘Asnād-i Khaṭṭī-Yi Shahr-i Ghulghula” [“Handwritten Document from Shahr-i Ghulghula”] (1)’. Aryana 82 (1949): 9–13.
Kohzad, A. A. ‘Asnād-i Khaṭṭī-Yi Shahr-i Ghulghula” [“Handwritten Document from Shahr-i Ghulghula”] (2)’. Aryana 86 (1949): 15–20.
Kohzad, A. A. ‘Asnād-i Khaṭṭī-Yi Shahr-i Ghulghula” [“Handwritten Document from Shahr-i Ghulghula”] (3)’. Aryana 87 (1950): 15–24.
Kohzad, A. A. ‘Asnād-i Khaṭṭī-Yi Shahr-i Ghulghula” [“Handwritten Document from Shahr-i Ghulghula”] (4)’. Aryana 88 (1950): 1–5.
Kohzad, A. A. ‘Asnād-i Khaṭṭī-Yi Shahr-i Ghulghula” [“Handwritten Document from Shahr-i Ghulghula”] (5)’. Aryana 89 (1950): 6–10.
Little, D. A Catalogue of the Islamic Documents from Al-Ḥaram Aš-Šarīf in Jerusalem. Wiesbaden, 1984.
Macuch, M. ‘Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān on Lease, Loan and Compensation: The Juristic Context (Tab. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18 and 23)’. In Sasanian Coins, Middle-Persian Etymology and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 26. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2017.
Macuch, M. ‘Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān. Two Claims and a Re- Evaluation of Crop Yields: The Juristic Context of Tab. 21, 22 and 24’. In Some Aspects of Sasanian Persia and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 27. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2019.
Macuch, M. ‘Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān: Two Claims Involving “Substitute Succession” and a Payment Commitment. The Juristic Context of Tab. 11, 28 and 27’. In Persia (552 BCE - 758 CE): Primary Sources, Old and New, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 28. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2020.
Macuch, M. ‘The Legal Context of the Tabarestān Court Records (Tab. 1-8, 10)’. In Words and Symbols: Sasanian Objects and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 24. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2016.
Matsui, D., and R. Watabe. ‘A Persian-Turkic Land Sale Contract of 660 AH/1261–62 CE’. Orient 50 (2015): 41–51.
Minorsky, V. ‘Some Early Documents in Persian (II)’. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (1943): 86–99.
Morton, A. H. ‘Monika Gronke: Arabische Und Persische Privaturkunden Des 12. Und 13. Jahrhunderts Aus Ardabil (Aserbeidschan). (Islamkundliche Untersuchungen, Bd. 72) [Ix], 555 Pp., 4 Plates. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1982.’ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48, no. 2 (1985): 370–71. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0003370X.
Scarcia, G. ‘A Preliminary Report on a Persian Legal Document of 470/1078 Found at Bamiyan’. East and West 14, nos 1–2 (1963): 73–86.
Scarcia, G. ‘An Edition of the Persian Legal Document from Bamiyan’. East and West 16, nos 3–4 (1966): 290–95.
Sims-Williams, N. Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I: Legal and Economic Documents. Revised Edition. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Weber, D. ‘Accountancy of a Zoroastrian Craftsman in Early Islamic Times (662-664 C.E.)’. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 27 (2017): 129–41.
Weber, D. ‘An Interesting Pahlavi Letter from Early Islamic Times (Berk. 245)’. Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 161, no. 1 (2011): 91–98.
Weber, D. ‘Arabic Activities Reflected in the Documents of the ‘Pahlavi Archive’. In Documents, Argenterie et Monnaies de Tradition Sassanide, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 22. Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2014.
Weber, D. Berliner Pahlavi-Dokumente: Zeugnisse Spätsassanidischer Brief- Und Rechtskultur Aus Frühislamischer Zeit. Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008.
Weber, D. ‘Court Records of Lawsuits in Tabarestān in the Year 86/7 PYE (737 CE): A Philological Examination’. In Words and Symbols: Sasanian Objects and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 24. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2016.
Weber, D. ‘Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān: The Documents Tab. 11, 28 and 27: A Philological Approach’. In Persia (552 BCE - 758 CE): Primary Sources, Old and New, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 28. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient, 2020.
Weber, D. ‘Pahlavi Legal Documents from Tabarestān. Two Claims and a Re-Evaluation of Crop Yields: A Philological Study of Tab. 21, 22 and 24’. In Some Aspects of Sasanian Persia and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales, XXVII. 27. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2019.
Weber, D. ‘Studies in Some Documents from the ‘Pahlavi Archive’. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 26 (2016): 61–95.
Weber, D. ‘Taxation in Pahlavi Documents from Early Islamic Times’. In Commentationes Iranicae: Сборник Статей к 90-Летию Владимира Ароновича Лившица, edited by S. R. Tokhtas’yev and P. B. Lur’ye. Nestor-Istoriya., 2013.
Weber, D. ‘Testing Food and Garment for the “Ōstāndār”: Two Unpublished Documents from the “Pahlavi Archive” in Berkeley, CA’. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 25 (2015): 31–37.
Weber, D. ‘The Story of Windād Burzmihr: A Zoroastrian Entrepreneur in Early Islamic Times’. In A Thousand Judgements: Festschrift for Maria Macuch, edited by A. Hintze, D. Durkin-Meisterernst, and C. Naumann. Harrassowitz Verlag., 2019.
Weber, D. ‘The Xarāj Taxation and the Pahlavi Document Berk. No. 27” in Azarpay, Guitty, Kathleen Martin, Martin Schwartz, and Dieter Weber. 2003. “New Information on the Date and Function of the Berkeley MP Archive.’ Bulletin of the Asia Institute 17 (2003): 17–29.
Weber, D. ‘Two Documents from Tabarestān Reconsidered (Tab. 12 and 26)’. In Words and Symbols: Sasanian Objects and the Tabarestān Archive, edited by R. Gyselen. Res Orientales 24. Groupe pour l’étude de la civilisation du Moyen-Orient., 2016.
Weber, D. Two Pahlavi Letters from the Time of Hormizd V (A.D. 630–632). 20 (2010): 55–63.
Weber, D. ‘Villages and Estates in the Documents from the Pahlavi Archive: The Geographical Background’. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 24 (2014): 37–65.
Weber, D. ‘Weber, Dieter. 2018. “Pahlavi Documents of Windādburzmihrābād, the Estate of a Zoroastrian Entrepreneur in Early Islamic Times (With an Excursus on the Origin of the Fulanabad- Type of Village Names).” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 28: 127–47.’ Bulletin of the Asia Institute 28 (2018): 127–47.
Pre-modern narrative sources
Anonymous. Al-Mukhtarāt Min al-Rasāʾil: Majmūʿah-ʼāt va Faramīn va Aḥkām Divānī va Sharʿī va ʿarfi-Yi Az Qurūn Panjum va Shishum va Haftum Hijrī Az Ravī-Yi Naskhah-i Kitābkhanih Vasirī-Yi Yazd. Edited by I. Afshar. Anjuman-e Athar-e Melli, 1976.
Anonymous. Ḥudūd Al-ʿālam = “The Regions of the World”; A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.–982 A.D. Edited by E. Bosworth. Translated by V. Minorsky. 1937; Luzac, 1970.
Anonymous. Ḥudūd Al-ʿālam. Edited by M. Mir Ahmadi and Gh. R. Varharam. Chapkhane-ye Daneshgah-e al-Zahra, 2004.
Anonymous. Yawāqīt Al-ʿulū. Edited by M. T. Danesh-Pajouh. Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran, 1967.
Bābur, Ẓahīr al-Dīn. Bābur Nāma (Memoires of Bābur) – Translated from the Original Turki Text of Zahiru’d-Dīn Muḥammad Bābur Pādshāh Ghāzī. Translated by A. S. Beveridge. 1922; Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, 1970.
Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Futūḥ Al-Buldān. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. Brill, 1866.
Balkhi, Shaykh al-Islam Safi Allah wa-l-Din Abu Bakr ʿAbd Allah b. ʿUmar b. Muhammad b. Dawud al-Waʿiz al-. Fadaʾil-i Balkh. Edited by A. H. Habibi. Entesharat-e Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran, 1971.
Balkhi, Shaykh al-Islam Safi Allah wa-l-Din Abu Bakr ʿAbd Allah b. ʿUmar b. Muhammad b. Dawud al-Waʿiz al-. Fadaʾil-i Balkh or the Merits of Balkh: Annotated Translation with Commentary and Introduction of the Oldest Surviving History of Balkh in Afghanistan. Translated by A. Mir-Ansari, A. Azad, and E. Herzig. Edinburgh University Press, 2021.
Balʿamī, Abū ʿAlī. Tārīkh-i Balʿamī. Edited by P. Gonabadi. Ketabforooshi-e Zavvar, 1974.
Bayhaqī, Abū al-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn. Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī. Edited by A. A. Fayyad. Ketabkhane-ye Melli-e Iran, 2004.
Bayhaqī, Abū al-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn. The History of Beyhaqi: The History of Sultan Masʿud of Ghazna, 1030–1041 C. E. Translated by C. E. Bosworth and M. Ashtiany. 3 vols. Ilex Foundation, 2011.
Gardīzī, Abū Saʿīd ʿAbd al-Ḥayy b. al-Ḍaḥḥāk. The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650–1041; The Original Text of Abû Saʿîd ʿAbd al-Ḥayy Gardīzī. Translated by C. E. Bosworth. BIPS Persian Studies Series. I. B. Tauris, 2011.
Ibn al-Faqīh. Collections of Geographical Works by Ibn Al-Faqīh, Ibn Faḍlān, Abū Dulaf al-Khazrajī. Edited by F. Sezgin. Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science, 1987.
Ibn al-Faqīh. Kitāb Al-Buldān. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. Brill, 1967.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭa. The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354. Translated by Ch. F. Defrémery and A. D. H. Bivar. 5 vols. 1958; Cambridge University Press, n.d.
Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū al-Qāsim b. ʿAlī. Configuration de La Terre. Translated by J. H. Kramers and G. Wiet. Commission Internationale pour la Traduction des Chefs-d’œuvre, 1964.
Ibn Ḥawqal, Abū al-Qāsim b. ʿAlī. Ṣūrat Al-Arḍ. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. Leiden, 1873.
Ibn Khaldūn. Al-Muqaddima. Translated by F. Rosenthal. 1958; Princeton University Press, 2020.
Ibn Khurrādādbih, Abū al-Qāsim ʿUbayd Allāh. Kitāb Al-Masālik Wa-l-Mamālik. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. Brill, 1889.
Idrīsī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Description de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne: Texte Arabe (Kitāb Nuzhat al-Mushtāq Fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq). Edited by R. Dozy and M. J. de Goeje. Brill, 1866.
Iṣṭakhrī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad Abū Isḥāq al-. Kitāb Masālik Al-Mamālik. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. Brill, 1927.
Juwaynī, ʿAṭā Malik b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy. Edited by M. Qazvini. Chapkhane-ye Khavar, 1958.
Juwaynī, ʿAṭā Malik b. Muḥammad. The History of the World Conqueror. Translated by J. Boyle. 2 vols. Manchester University Press, 1997.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj. English Translation of the Tabaqāt-i-Nāṣirī, in Two Parts, Part. i. Historical and & Bibliographical, Part. Ii. Geographical. Translated by H. G. Raverty. Calcutta, 1897.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj. Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī. 2nd Edition. Edited by A. H. Habibi. 2 vols. Anjuman-i Tarikhi-yi Afghanistan, 1963.
Jūzjānī, Minhāj Sirāj. Ṭabaqāt-i Nāṣirī. Edited by A. H. Habibi. 2 vols. 1963. 2nd Edition Reprint. Anjuman-i Tarikhi-yi Afghanistan, 1984. https://web.archive.org/web/20260703022901/https://lib.eshia.ir/10516/1/1].
Khwārizmī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Mafātiḥ Al-ʿUlūm. Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1984.
Marquart, J. Ērānšahr Nach Der Geographie Des Ps. Moses Xorenac’i. Weidmannische Buchhandlung, 1901.
Masʿūdī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Kitāb Al-Tanbīh Wa-l-Ishrāf. 2nd Edition. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. 1893. Brill, n.d.
Mir-Ansari, A., A. Azad, and E. Herzig. ‘Al-Waʿiz al-Balkhi’. In Great Encyclopaedia of Islam. Tehran, 2022.
Muqaddasī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-. Kitāb Aḥsan Al-Taqāsīm Fī Maʿrifat al-Aqālīm. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. Brill, 1906.
Muqaddasī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-. The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions. Translated by B. Collins and M. H. al-Tai. Centre for Muslim Contribution to Civilization and Garnet, 1994.
Narshakhī, Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar. Tārīkh-i Bukhārā. Edited by Modarres Razavi. Entesharat-e Bonyad-e Farhang-e Iran, 1972.
Narshakhī, Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar. The History of Bukhara. Translated by R. Frye. Mediaeval Academy of America, 1954.
Rashīd al-Din Ṭabīb. Mukātabāt-i Rashīdī: Yaʿnī Rasāʿilī. Edited by M. Shafi. Nashrīyāt-i Kullīya-yi Panjāb, 1947.
Rashīd al-Ṭabīb al-Hamidānī, Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullah b. Abū al-Khayr b. ʿĀlī. Waqf-Nāma-i Rabʿ-i Rashīdī: Al-Waqfīya al-Rashīdiyya Bikhaṭ al-Wāqif Fī Bayān Sharāʾiṭ Umūr al-Waqf Wa al-Maṣārif. Edited by M. Minovi, I. Afshar, and A. A. Karang. Selsele-Ye Entesharat-e Anjoman-e Athar-e Melli 139. Entesharat-e Anjoman-e Athar-e Melli, 1977.
Samʿānī, ʿAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-. Kitāb Al-Ansāb. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yaḥyā al-Muʿallimī. 13 vols. Maṭbūʿāt Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1962.
Shabānkāraʿī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Majmaʿ Al-Ansāb Fi ’l-Tawārīkh. Edited by Mīr Ḥāshim Muḥaddith. Amir Kabir, 2002.
Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad al-. Tārīkh Al-Rusul Wa-‘l-Mulūk. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. 15 vols. 1879; Brill, n.d.
Xuanzang, Si-Yu-Ki. Buddhist Records of the Western World. Edited and translated by S. Beal. 2 vols. K. Paul, 1906.
Yāqūt al-Rūmī, Shihāb al-Dīn. Muʿjam Al-Buldān. 5 vols. Dār Ṣādir, 1955.
Yaʿqūbī, Abū al-Abbās Aḥmad al-. Kitāb Al-Buldān. Edited by M. J. de Goeje. Brill, 1860.
Studies of history, archaeology and literature
Abbas, I. ‘Barmakids’. In Encyclopaedia Iranica. 1988, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6680.
Adamec, L. Historical and Political Gazetter of Afghanistan. 6 vols. 1972; Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, n.d.
Afanasyev, Ilya, and M. Banerjee. ‘The Modern Invention of “Dynasty”: An Introduction’. Global Intellectual History 7, no. 3 (special issue: The Modern Invention of Dynasty) (2020): 407–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23801883.2020.1796231.
Allchin, F. R., and V. V. Barthold. ‘Bamiyan’. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition Online, edited by P. Bearman. Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1166.
Amiati, R., and R. E. Darley-Doran. ‘Tūmān’. In Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition Online, edited by P. Bearman. Brill, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7622.
Aubin, J. ‘Élements Pour l’étude Des Agglomérations Urbaines Dans l’Iran Médiéval’. In The Islamic City – A Colloquium, edited by A. Hourani and S. M. Stern. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.
Azad, A. ‘Ecology, Economy and the Conquest of Khurasan’. In The Umayyad World, edited by A. Marsham. Routledge, 2020.
Azad, A. ‘Living Happily Ever After - Fraternal Polyandry and “the House” in the Bactrian Documents’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79, no. 1 (2016): 33–56.
Azad, A. Sacred Landscape in Medieval Afghanistan. Oxford University Press, 2013.
Azad, A., A. Mayer-Rieckh, and S. Rumin. Census and Identification of Security Personnel. A Tool Book for Practitioners. The International Center for Transitional Justice, 2007.
Azarnouche, S. ‘Miracles, Oracles et Augures - Essai Sur La Symbolique Du Cheval Dans l’Iran Ancien et Medieval’. In Équidé - Le Cheval, l’Âne et La Mule Dans Les Empires de l’Orient Ancient (The Horse, the Ass, and the Mule in Ancient Near Eastern Empires), edited by D. Poinsot and M. Spruyt. Routes de l’Orient Actes, 2022.
Bagnall, R. Oxford Handbook of Papyrology. Oxford University Press, 2009.
Baker, P. H. B., and F. R. Allchin. Shahr-i Zohak and the History of the Bamiyan Valley, Afghanistan. Tempus Re[aratum, 1991.
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